Skip to main content

GLP-1 side effects: what they are and what to consider

Tips for managing GLP-1 medication side effects.

Updated: March 6, 2026 | 6 minutes to read

Written by: Max Schochet

A person in a pink sweater holds a GLP-1 injector pen.

Anyone with type 2 diabetes or who has been trying to lose weight has probably heard of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medications. These treatments help regulate blood sugar and curb appetite, transforming lives for many people.

But these medications are not without side effects. Whether someone is just starting GLP-1s or has been on them for a while, this guide explains what they might experience and how to help manage the side effects.

In this article:

What are GLP-1 medications?

For years, GLP-1 medications have been used by health care providers to help manage type 2 diabetes. These medications work by mimicking a natural hormone that helps regulate hunger and blood sugar. In simple terms, these drugs stimulate insulin production — the hormone that lowers blood sugar — and keep levels in a safer, more stable range. They also reduce glucagon release. Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood sugar. By lowering glucagon release, GLP-1 medications help prevent sudden spikes in blood sugar.

Some well-known GLP-1 medications are:

  • Dulaglutide
    • Common brand name: Trulicity (injection)
  • Liraglutide
    • Common brand names: Victoza and Saxenda (injection)
  • Semaglutide
    • Common brand names: Ozempic and Wegovy (injections)
    • Common brand name: Rybelsus (tablet)
  • Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist)
    • Common brand names: Mounjaro and Zepbound (injections)

Over the past few years, some GLP-1 medications have been approved for weight loss, as these medications work by increasing feelings of fullness by slowing the rate at which the stomach empties, which can help reduce the urge to overeat. However, it's important to note that not all GLP-1 medications are approved for weight loss, and their side effects can vary.

So, before starting or stopping GLP-1 medications — whether for weight loss or diabetes — it’s important for people to check in with a health care provider. They can give guidance and support to make someone’s GLP-1 journey safe and effective.

Want to kickstart a weight loss journey? Start by talking to a health care provider or consider The MinuteClinic Weight-Loss Program. Get tailored plans and ongoing support to help reach goals.

Are GLP-1 medications available in pill form?

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 medication that is available in pill form. These medications help to manage type 2 diabetes or reduce weight, and they help to reduce risk of events such as heart attack or stroke in these patients. They work by helping the body release insulin and reduce glucagon production after meals. There are a few options on the market, such as Rybelsus and Wegovy. Other options are also in development.

These two medications can offer benefits such as weight loss or diabetes management, and they also help reduce major cardiovascular events. However, people with a family history of certain thyroid cancers and pancreatitis may need to consider other alternatives. A health care provider can help patients explore options and find the right approach for them.

Most common GLP-1 side effects

Some common side effects with GLP-1 medications involve their impact on the digestive system. No matter the reason someone is using these medications, people might experience some gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, including:

  • Constipation
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting

These side effects are most common when people first start treatment or after a recent dosage adjustment. In fact, higher doses of GLP-1 medications in general are more likely to cause these side effects. While these symptoms can be uncomfortable, many symptoms typically subside as the body adjusts to the medication.

That said, it’s important to know when discomfort crosses the line. If side effects are severe, last a long time or feel unusual, it’s best for people to reach out to a health care provider.

Other possible GLP-1 side effects

Some people experience other significant side effects with certain GLP-1 medications, such as:

  • Cholecystitis. Inflammation of the gallbladder.
  • Diabetic eye problems (diabetic retinopathy). Certain GLP-1s can worsen existing retinopathy in people with diabetes.
  • Dizziness. Feeling faint or as if the room is spinning.
  • Fatigue. Feeling extremely tired or low on energy, which can make everyday tasks more difficult.
  • Gallstones (gallbladder disease). Hard pieces of cholesterol form in the gallbladder.
  • Gastroparesis. Food moves too slowly (or not at all) from the stomach to the small intestine.
  • Headache. Pain in any part of the head.
  • Increases in heart rate. A rise in resting or baseline heart rate, though changes vary by age and medication.
  • Indigestion. Bloating, burping and burning or being uncomfortable in the upper stomach; feeling full too quickly or overly full after eating.
  • Injection site reactions. Itching, redness, rash or other irritation at site where the GLP-1 medication was injected.
  • Loss of appetite. Little or no desire to eat.
  • Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Can intermittently cause low blood sugar, especially if taken with insulin or sulfonylureas; symptoms may include headache, dizziness, shakiness and hunger.
  • Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas, often accompanied by severe abdominal pain.
  • Pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia or deep sedation. Food or liquid accidentally enters the lungs while a person is under anesthesia or very deeply sedated.
  • Serious allergic reactions (hypersensitivity reaction). Potentially life-threatening. Symptoms may include swelling beneath the skin or trouble breathing.
  • Serious kidney problems (acute kidney injury). Sudden kidney failure or worsening of existing kidney conditions.

Potential side effects can vary by product, so always speak to a health care provider with any questions. People should also talk to their health care provider before any planned surgeries or procedures and be prepared to discuss their up-to-date medical history, including a current list of prescribed medications and treatments.

Cosmetic changes from GLP-1s

Since GLP-1 medications can lead to significant weight loss, some people might notice extra or loose skin. That’s because the skin can stretch during weight gain and doesn’t always bounce back fully as elasticity decreases.

Excess skin may show up around the belly area and can sometimes cause its own issues: This excess skin may feel uncomfortable, make clothes fit awkwardly, lead to irritation and even hygiene challenges.

Cosmetic surgery isn’t medically required, but it may be an option for people who want to remove excess skin after major weight loss.

GLP-1 side effects and how to help manage discomfort

Always speak to a health care provider before self-treating any GLP-1 side effects to rule out any more serious causes and so they can provide guidance for over-the-counter (OTC) options.

To help manage nausea, people can do the following:

  • Avoid fatty, spicy or greasy foods.
  • Eat bland foods like crackers, toast or rice.
  • Stay hydrated with clear drinks.
  • Steer clear of strong smells that may trigger nausea.
  • Try smaller, more frequent meals. If someone usually eats three times a day, they can try having four or more mini meals instead.

Stay hydrated, try eating smaller meals more often and follow the nausea tips listed above.

For diarrhea, stay hydrated and eat bland food until things calm down.

Eat more fiber and drink lots of water.

When to seek immediate medical care for GLP-1 side effects

Most GLP-1 side effects aren’t serious. However, people should contact a health care provider right away if they experience any of the following:

  • Difficulty swallowing or breathing
  • Inability to pass gas or move bowels
  • Intense pain or tenderness in the belly
  • Jaundice (yellow skin or eye color)
  • Mass in the neck
  • Persistent hoarseness
  • Severe vomiting or diarrhea

Key takeaways

Some GLP-1 medications help control blood sugar, and others aid in weight loss. They can cause some side effects, like an upset stomach or diarrhea, and rarely, more serious issues like pancreatitis or thyroid problems. Anyone thinking about taking them or experiencing side effects should consult with a primary care provider or another trusted health care provider to understand the risks.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

In general, the gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of GLP-1 medications depend on the dose and the individual patient. In the end, there’s no one-size-fits-all when it comes to these medications. Each one has its pros and cons, which is why it is important to speak to a health care provider; they can help pick the best option based on what a patient needs.

GLP-1 medications do not replace physical activity or healthy eating habits as a way to lose weight.

The amount of time someone takes a GLP-1 medication should be determined by their health care provider. If a patient stops taking these medications, health benefits like lower blood sugar might not last. People could also gain weight again without healthy habits.

This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Consult your health care provider if you have any questions about medications, vitamins or supplements you may be considering or changes to your wellness or health care routines.

You may also like

Explore more topics

Browse all topics